Macroeconomics Economics Commentary - patterns in Americas unemployment statistics Essay Example for Free

Macroeconomics Economics Commentary patterns in Americas unemployment statistics Essay Unemployment is defined as â€Å"individuals who are actively seeking for a job but cannot find one.† The rate of unemployment however is the number of employed individuals expressed as a proportion of the labour force. During the recent 2010 recession, the United States (US) faced an incredibly large unemployment rate. Despite the fact that America has mostly recovered from the recession, some sectors of the American economy have not yet left the ‘recessionary zone.’ In this article, the dilemma of American teenagers and blacks discrimination is discussed. The statistics given from the article demonstrate a decrease in the rate of unemployment within the American economy. This is illustrated in the graph below as we can see the aggregate supply of labour closing the gap between itself (in blue) and the aggregate demand in order to achieve market equilibrium. Statistically, this improvement can be seen by the drop in unemployment figures from 9.4% in December 2009 to 9.4% one year later in December 2010. Analysing the situation, numerous factors could have resulted in this dip. Primarily, gender discrepancy should be taken into respect. Females dominated industries have increased in size such as education and healthcare industries. Supporting my analysis, the rate of unemployment for women minimally fell by 0.1% unlike their male counterparts whom suffered greater losses. Males as a result saw a greater decrease in their unemployment percentages, falling by 0.8% in comparison to the female’s 0.1% probably due to discriminating reasons, academic motives or other social aspects. Another yet the most principle core dispute raised in the article is the fact that blacks and teenagers are being discriminated suffering from the highest rates of unemployment. Teens topped a high unemployment percentage of 25.4% whilst blacks a little lower tallied at 15.8%. Logically this makes sense for teenagers (assuming they are in the job searching range of 16 to 19 years old), in this age group most teenagers have had little professional experience as emphasis is placed on completing their high school diploma, meaning that the labour force is fundamentally less productive as these teenagers would have no or relatively no real previous real work experience in comparison to an elder person making them less appealing to employers. A growing number of teenagers choose to work as servers/waiters as a consequence of preference and taste for the job yet more importantly, due to their lack in qualifications to work in offices and large firms. As laws enforcing compulsory education up to a certain age become stricter and a higher number of adolescent individuals choosing to complete their studies exists, these individuals are not counted in the ‘pool of unemployment’ as they do not wish to have a job at that moment in time. By estimating, blacks who seem to comprise largely of adults seem however to be facing discriminatory reasons resulting in their rather high unemployment rate. America could modify a few of its structural policies in order to circumvent such dramatic results if a recession were to occur again. Firstly, better and wider training programmes in all academic fields should be offered to students at schools. If the education became more flexible, offering courses in a wider range of subjects, the creation of a possibly more productive workforce is probable and more importantly, having acquired many skills and talents, these teenagers would be capable of finding new jobs in case of a structural change in the economy that demands different skills. Another policy could be to fundamentally ensure that every teenager is granted some type of access to good education/training programme. Lastly, as teenagers in school are not recorded as part of the unemployment rate, the rate of unemployment could be reduced if the government were to provide some type of incentive for teenagers to go back to/attend school. Not only would this reduce unemployment figures in the short run, it would mean that these same teenagers will be capable to offer society much more as they would have gained professional qualifications According to Alicia Robb,Asians are the most educated, so when you have the largest pool of workers, employers are going to pick the most qualified Robb’s statement explains the situation of the Asian race, having suffered the lowest increase in unemployment yet highest fall un unemployment figures from 8.4% in December 2009 to 7.2% a year later. Recently, a voluminous amount of Asians have flocked to the United States. Not only do they usually obtain higher qualified or greater work experience but Asian labour has been branded to be relatively cheap lowering a firm’s total costs, increasing profits. The later generation of these Asians (20 – 30 years old) are thus already qualified enough due to the development in America after 1980s and most of them are employed in good companies and are very well paid now. The young generation of Asians, which are contributed to the teenagers are now concentrating on education in America and most of them would go back to their countries after graduating.

Walter Lippmanns The Public Philosophy :: The Public Philosophy

Walter Lippmann's The Public Philosophy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Walter Lippmann begins his The Public Philosophy by expressing his concern for the state of the Western Liberal Democracies. The West, he writes, suffers from "a disorder from within." This disorder has its roots in the long peace between 1812 and 1914, and was further exascurbated by the great population increase of that era and the coinciding industrial revolution. The latter changed the nature of armed struggle, which in turn intensified the "democratic malady." The situation Lippmann describes is the "paralysis of governments," the inability of the state to make difficult and unpopular decisions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This paralysis is the product of both the long peace and the great war. The period extending from Waterloo to 1914 lulled the West into believing that the age of Man's aggression had passed. Because the "hard decisions" of taxation, prohibition, and war were not often faced in these years, the Jacobin concept of the desirability of weak government was instilled in the West. When the first world war did come about, the West was unable to deal effectively with its costs. The new technologies spawned by the industrial revolution, as well as the greater populations involved, had made war infinitely more costly than in the past. Consequently, the executive aspects of Western governments were forced to "democratize" the appropriation of men and money by handing their power to the representative assemblies. The assemblies too were forced to cede their power to "the People," who channeled them to media powers and party leaders. The result was "Disastrous and revolutionary . The democracies became incapacitated to wage war for rational ends or to make a peace which would be enforced."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lippmann holds that the major malfunction of the West is this acquisition of executive and representative powers by the masses. This is a fundamental distortion of the rights of the governed. Lippmann contends that the People have but two natural rights: to decide whether or not to by governed, and to choose who shall govern them. "This breakdown of the constitutional order is the cause of the precipitate and the catastrophic decline of Western society."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why then, cannot a mass govern effectively?

Which the Design Argument Provides Evidence for the God?

June 2011: Examine the ways in which the design argument provides evidence for the existence God? A famous philosopher Kant commented on the proof of the design argument which shows the existence of God stating â€Å"This proof always deserves to be mentioned with respect. It is the oldest, the clearest and most accordant with the common reason of mankind. This was mentioned in his book the Critique of Pure reason. The argument that I am going to put forward and the proofs I am going to provide is the teleological argument.The word teleological comes from the Greek word telos which means end or purpose and logical which means the study of therefore this is the study of the purpose. The teleological argument is an inductive argument therefore proofs are based on premises which means they are drawn from experience and the conclusion is not logically necessary. Aquinas is a very important philosopher in the design argument. In his famous work â€Å"summa theological† Aquinas had his five ways in which he is most remembered for. In the design argument we are most concerned with the final way which is that God is the divine designer of everything.Here Aquinas suggests that non intelligent material requires an intelligent being behind it to make it beneficial. Aquinas used the example of an arrow and a archer; he stated that for an arrow to reach its destination it must be directed by the archer which is the intelligent being therefore applying this to the universe for us to reach are destination and purpose in the universe there must be a higher intelligent being before us which is directing us. Aquinas stated natural bodies seem to act in a regular way to reach some sort of final purpose; this shows Aquinas using science to back up the views of God in the Bible.Also Aquinas argued for design qua regularity; he saw the overall regularity in the world as proof for a designer God. William Paley another famous philosopher mainly known for his Watch Analogy took Aquinas’s ideas further and formed his own version of the teleological argument. Paley compares the world to a machine and sees it made up of all intricate parts which work together for an end result. He saw all the small adaptations in the nature and for him these were proofs of a designing intelligence.An example of the small intricacies in the nature is the water cycle and how it all works together. The watch serves an analogy which demonstrates purpose and telos. All evidence would show that the watch had been designed for a purpose, design and designed with the necessary regularity to meet its purpose. He said every design requires a designer and that all designs have an end function. Paley claimed that in the same way as the watch and other machine’s the universe was full of small intricacies that could not have come about by chance.Paley used the example of the eye. The way the eye is so complexly designed there is no way it could have all come about by chance moreover science till date is unable to create a replica of the eye. Also Paley was fascinated by the solar system and the rotation of the planets. He saw the evidence of a divine hand at work in the universe. F. R. Tennant a philosopher of the 1930’s elaborated on the teleological arguments with his anthropic principle. This principle basically is saying that the world is revolving around human kind.Tennant believed the best evidence of design could be seen in the way the universe supports intelligent life. An example of this would be how the trees release oxygen which supports us humans to live and without oxygen we wouldn’t be alive. This is an astonishing proof of design and existence of God. Also another example of Tennant’s anthropic principle which shows that the world is designed around us human beings is that the sun is placed in the perfect distance. Tennant developed his anthropic principle to add the aesthetic argument in this Tennant argued against Darwin’s Theory of evolution.He said that the theory of evolution cannot explain why humans have feelings as they are not necessary for survival also natural selection cannot account for the existence for the feelings of appreciation etc. Tennant believed that the capacity for joy was putt in us by our designer which is God. Richard Swinburne accepts the anthropic principle. Swinburne believes that the earth is so finely tuned that there is no other explanation other than a designer God. He believes that science explains how the things in the world are so finely tuned in the world and that the Bible explains why.Swinburne believe that we should understand the existence of scientific laws in terms of a purpose which has been put in place for the. The purpose can be best explained by an omnipotent being. Due to the design argument being an a posteriori argument it strengthens the argument as we can see the complexities with our naked eye. However due to it being inductive meani ng based on experiences people interpret the experiences differently moreover it can negatively be argued that the designer or creator does not have to be God and that the jump to conclusion of god is too big†¦

Factors Affecting The United States - 4403 Words

FINAL PAPER #1 1. What factors combined to attract great numbers of people to American cities? What were the characteristics of these migrants? How did these migrants change once they were in the United States? How did they change America, cities or otherwise? To put this in perspective, an observant and inquisitive fifth grade once asked her mother: Why does it seem as though Blacks, Hispanics, Chinese, and Europeans from Italy and Poland like living in cities? The racial composition cities in the United States underwent a major changes that might be considered as decisive shortly after World War I. Ayer has indicated that demographers typically distinguish two modes of living: urban and rural. In plainer language, people live in the city†¦show more content†¦For example, in the 1920s, Chicago s urban black population grew by 148 percent; Cleveland s by 307 percent; Detroit s by 611 percent. (Cengage MindTap, n.p.). A number of reasons brought about the movement of African Americans to northern cities from the south. First and perhaps a clear reason is the African American annoyance of Jim Crow disfranchising system in the South. Secondly, a large numbers of African Americans were forced to leave their homes and families in the south in their search for a better life following the depressed cotton market as well as the natural disasters that reduced many black land-owner to sharecropping or tenant farmers trapped in vicious cycle of indebtedness. From a positive perspective, the massive military conscription that occurred during WWI caused labor shortages, particularly in the northern region of the United States. These labor shortages appeared to be an opportunity that offered African American for employment in steel, shipbuilding, and automotive industries, meat packing factories, and also in plants that specialized in ammunition production (Cengage MindTap, n.p.). Many cities adopted residential segregation ordinances such that disallowed blacks to establish residence in predominantly white neighborhoods. To that end, housing issues became a contentious matter between blacks and whites throughout and beyond the Great Immigration era. Although the U.S. Supreme Court made a

Factors Affecting The United States - 4403 Words

FINAL PAPER #1 1. What factors combined to attract great numbers of people to American cities? What were the characteristics of these migrants? How did these migrants change once they were in the United States? How did they change America, cities or otherwise? To put this in perspective, an observant and inquisitive fifth grade once asked her mother: Why does it seem as though Blacks, Hispanics, Chinese, and Europeans from Italy and Poland like living in cities? The racial composition cities in the United States underwent a major changes that might be considered as decisive shortly after World War I. Ayer has indicated that demographers typically distinguish two modes of living: urban and rural. In plainer language, people live in the city†¦show more content†¦For example, in the 1920s, Chicago s urban black population grew by 148 percent; Cleveland s by 307 percent; Detroit s by 611 percent. (Cengage MindTap, n.p.). A number of reasons brought about the movement of African Americans to northern cities from the south. First and perhaps a clear reason is the African American annoyance of Jim Crow disfranchising system in the South. Secondly, a large numbers of African Americans were forced to leave their homes and families in the south in their search for a better life following the depressed cotton market as well as the natural disasters that reduced many black land-owner to sharecropping or tenant farmers trapped in vicious cycle of indebtedness. From a positive perspective, the massive military conscription that occurred during WWI caused labor shortages, particularly in the northern region of the United States. These labor shortages appeared to be an opportunity that offered African American for employment in steel, shipbuilding, and automotive industries, meat packing factories, and also in plants that specialized in ammunition production (Cengage MindTap, n.p.). Many cities adopted residential segregation ordinances such that disallowed blacks to establish residence in predominantly white neighborhoods. To that end, housing issues became a contentious matter between blacks and whites throughout and beyond the Great Immigration era. Although the U.S. Supreme Court made a

Factors Affecting The United States - 4403 Words

FINAL PAPER #1 1. What factors combined to attract great numbers of people to American cities? What were the characteristics of these migrants? How did these migrants change once they were in the United States? How did they change America, cities or otherwise? To put this in perspective, an observant and inquisitive fifth grade once asked her mother: Why does it seem as though Blacks, Hispanics, Chinese, and Europeans from Italy and Poland like living in cities? The racial composition cities in the United States underwent a major changes that might be considered as decisive shortly after World War I. Ayer has indicated that demographers typically distinguish two modes of living: urban and rural. In plainer language, people live in the city†¦show more content†¦For example, in the 1920s, Chicago s urban black population grew by 148 percent; Cleveland s by 307 percent; Detroit s by 611 percent. (Cengage MindTap, n.p.). A number of reasons brought about the movement of African Americans to northern cities from the south. First and perhaps a clear reason is the African American annoyance of Jim Crow disfranchising system in the South. Secondly, a large numbers of African Americans were forced to leave their homes and families in the south in their search for a better life following the depressed cotton market as well as the natural disasters that reduced many black land-owner to sharecropping or tenant farmers trapped in vicious cycle of indebtedness. From a positive perspective, the massive military conscription that occurred during WWI caused labor shortages, particularly in the northern region of the United States. These labor shortages appeared to be an opportunity that offered African American for employment in steel, shipbuilding, and automotive industries, meat packing factories, and also in plants that specialized in ammunition production (Cengage MindTap, n.p.). Many cities adopted residential segregation ordinances such that disallowed blacks to establish residence in predominantly white neighborhoods. To that end, housing issues became a contentious matter between blacks and whites throughout and beyond the Great Immigration era. Although the U.S. Supreme Court made a